Вопрос по английскому языку:

Контрольная работа № 1Вариант 3

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       The high-speed railway line connects Paris and London.

2)       The Cherepanovs constructed the first steam locomotive in Russia.

3)       The workers laid down the railway line ahead of time.

4)       The new railway track will carry a greater volume of freight.

5)       We shall use the new engine demonstrated by this engineer last month.

 

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       We can expect that more high-speed railway lines will be built in the near future.

2)       Rails are rolled in rolling mills.

3)       Long-welded rails are used on main tracks.

4)       Rails are affected by temperature changes.

5)       The first steam trains were looked at with great interest.

 

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.

1)       A large number of cars to park - Past Indefinite Passive) near the railway station.

2)       The speed of Metro trains (to reach - Present Indefinite Active) 90 km/h.

3)       This railway company (to transport - Future Indefinite Active) freight only.

4)       Wood (to replace - Past Indefinite Passive) by steel as a material for constructing passenger cars.

5)       The windows of this car (to make - Present Indefinite Passive) of unbreakable glass.

 

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be.

1)       There will be extra commuter trains at the next weekends.

2)       There are three colour-light signals.

3)       There is a great difference between manual and automatic signalling.

4)       There were no signalling systems on the early railways.

5)       There are several ways of indicating signals.

 

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания -s.

1)       The trains run between these towns regularly.

2)       All railroads are divided into divisions.

3)       The locomotive engineer plays the dominant part in the maintenance of locomotives.

4)       London's underground was opened in 1863.

5)       The Trans-Siberian railway carries a large volume of traffic.

 

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.

1)       We shall operate more powerful locomotives and have more comfortable cars in the future.

2)       Greater speeds will be developed by diesel and electric locomotives.

3)       Our country has the largest system in the world.

4)       The gauge on Russian railways is wider than that in the European countries.

5)       The ballast is the most important element of the track.

 

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени.

1)       Welding rails together is made for (quiet) ride of passenger trains.

2)       On curves the outer rail may be at (high) level than the inner rail.

3)       Electric locomotives have (little) harmful effect on the atmosphere compared with diesel ones.

4)       Long-welded rails have (long) service life.

5)       Concrete sleepers have (long) life and (great) weight than those made of wood.

 

VIII. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1)       On rainy days ballast lets the water drain away quickly.

2)       The switch makes the trains pass from one track to another.

3)       The length of rails varies greatly in different countries.

4)       The train developed high speeds on some sections of the railway.

5)       Russia has a dense railway network.

 

IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.

The Elements of the Track

The track is often called the permanent way. It consists of rails, ties and ballast. The distance between the rails is called the gauge. The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint. The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks. In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads must have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they are to carry when placed in the track. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main-line tracks because they have to carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure. They rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel, which is called ballast. Ballast supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

 

Х. . Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1)       What does the permanent way consist of?

2)       How is the distance between the rails called?

3)       What is the rail joint?

4)       A switch is a very important element of the track, isn't it? Why?

5)       Why do rails differ?

6)       What holds the track in position?

 

Вопрос по английскому языку:

Several European countries had a few primitive railroads in the mid-1500's. But they were used mainly to bring up wagonloads of coal or iron ore from underground mines. The mining railroads consisted of two wooden rails that extended down into the mines and across the mine floors. Men or horses pulled wagons along the rails.

In the early 1700's, English coal-mining companies began building short wooden railroads to carry coal above ground as well as underground. In the mid-1700's, workers began covering the wooden rails with strips of iron to make them last longer. By the end of the 1700's, English iron-makers began making all-iron rails. These all-iron rails carried wagons with flanged wheels.

Meanwhile, inventors had been developing the steam engine. During the late 1700's and early 1800's, English inventor Richard Trevithick built the first engines capable of using high-pressure steam. He mounted one of the engines on a four-wheeled carriage designed to roll along the track. In 1804, Trevithick used this vehicle to pull 9 tons of iron, 70 men, and 5 wagons along 9 1/2 miles (15 km) of track. Trevithick's invention became the world's first successful railroad locomotive.

English locomotive builder George Stephenson constructed the world's first public railroad, the Stockton and Darlington, which opened in 1825. The line had a distance of about 20 miles (32 km). It was the first railroad to run steam freight trains on a regular schedule. George Stephenson's second railroad was built in 1830. It was 30 miles (48 km) long and operated between Liverpool and Manchester. It was the first line to run steam passenger trains on a regular schedule.

Stephenson also originated the idea that all English railroads should have a standard gauge. The gauge he selected for the railroads he built – 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m) – was the same as the length of axles on many horse-drawn wagons. This gauge was eventually adopted by most European railroads and by railroads in the USA and Canada.

Engineers and inventors of many countries contributed to the development of engines. In 1825, John Stevens designed the first steam locomotive in the United States. An experimental model of this locomotive ran on a circular track at Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1829, Pennsylvania company tested the first full-sized locomotive to be operated on a commercial railroad in the United States. This locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion, was built in England.

In 1830, a famous race was held between a horse and a steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb. Peter Cooper, New York manufacturer, wanted to convince officials of the Baltimore and Ohio Line to use locomotives rather than horses to pull the trains. The horse won the race after an engine belt had slipped on the Tom Thumb. But this defeat was only a minor setback for the locomotive, often called the “iron horse”.

The first successful steam locomotive to be placed in regular passenger and freight service in the United States made its first run on Christmas Day in 1830. It was built in New York for the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company and was called the Best Friend of Charleston. Steam railroad transportation in the USA was born and developed very rapidly.

The electric locomotive was introduced in the late 1800's. Many designers contributed to its development. Thomas Edison tested his first model in 1880, and the first electric street car began operating in Germany in 1881. In 1895, the first electric locomotives were placed in regular service on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Many European countries electrified their main lines after 1900, but almost all American railroads continued to use steam trains. By the mid-1900's, some steam locomotives could reach speeds of up to 100 mph (160 kmph) in passenger service. Nevertheless, in the 1930's US railroads began to switch to diesel-electric locomotives, which were more fuel efficient and easier to maintain than steam ones.

Diesel locomotives were introduced experimentally in 1923. The first passenger diesel went into operation in the USA in 1934; the first freight diesels began to be used on American railroads in 1940.

Today, research engineers are working hard to develop locomotives of higher capacity and greater pulling power, which are easier to maintain, which are safer, more reliable and fuel efficient.

After the mid-1800's, railroads started to use steel for rails and cars. Steel rails last 20 times longer than iron ones. All-steel passenger cars were first put into operation in 1907, all-steel freight cars had almost completely replaced wooden ones by the late 1920's. 

Several important inventions after the mid-1800's helped to improve railroad safety. In 1869, American inventor George Westinghouse patented a railroad air brake. In 1873, American amateur inventor Eli Janney designed an automatic car coupler. But these innovations came into wide use on American railroads only after US Congress had passed the Railroad Safety Device Act in 1893. The building of electric telegraph lines in the mid-1800's made block signaling possible. American engineer William Robinson patented the track circuit used in automatic block signaling in 1872, but Robinson's invention was put into common practice only after 1900.

Meanwhile, more and more people traveled by train, attracted by the speed, safety and comfort of railroads. In 1867, American businessman George Pullman organized the Pullman Palace Car Company. The Company manufactured a sleeping car that Pullman designed. By 1875, about 700 Pullman sleeping cars had been in regular service.

Railways were born in the XVIII century, they went through glory and misfortune, and they are still alive after more than 200 years of their existence.

RICHARD TREVITHICK (1771 – 1833), was a British inventor and engineer. He contributed to the development of the steam locomotive.

Trevithick was born in England in the county of Cornwall, a tin-mining region of Britain. As he grew up, he became interested in the steam engines that pumped water from the mines. By the early 1800’s, he had developed a new engine that was soon used in most of the local mines. This high-pressure engine was the model for most later steam engines.

In 1801, Trevithick designed and built a steam-powered carriage that ran on the road. In 1804, he built the first steam locomotive to run on rails. It pulled a load of iron along a railway for horse-drawn cars. In 1808, he exhibited a large locomotive in London. None of his locomotives were financially successful, because they were too heavy for the roads and railways of his time. But Trevithick did prove that steam-powered locomotives could be built.

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE (1846–1914), was an American inventor and manufacturer. He produced air brakes for railroad cars. Westinghouse was the first to use alternating current for the transmission of electric power.

Westinghouse was born in Central Bridge, N.Y. As a boy, he worked in his father’s machine shop. At 15 he invented a rotary engine. He served in the Union Army and Navy during the Civil War (1861–1865).

By 1866, Westinghouse had already perfected two inventions: a device for replacing derailed cars and a railroad frog, which made it possible for a train to pass from one track to another. His invention of an air brake in the late 1860’s led to the formation of his first company, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, in 1869. Westinghouse patented hundreds of inventions and organized over 50 companies. He was president of 30 corporations, including the Westinghouse Electric Company.

1. railroad (Amer.)                                     – железная дорога

          to put a ~ into operation                 – пустить ~ в эксплуатацию

          to maintain a ~                               – содержать ~ 

          to run a ~                                        – управлять ~

2. track                                                      – железнодорожный путь

          to design a ~                                  – проектировать ~  

          to lay a ~                                        – прокладывать ~  

3. rails                                                       – рельсы

          wooden ~                                       – деревянные ~

          iron ~                                              – чугунные ~  

          steel ~                                            – стальные ~

          to roll ~                                           – прокатывать ~

4. railroad gauge                                       – железнодорожная колея

          standard ~                                      – стандартная ~

5. railroad line                                           – железнодорожная линия

          main ~                                            – магистраль

          to put a ~ into a regular service     – ввести ~ в постоянную

                                                                     эксплуатацию

6. wagon                                                   – вагон-платформа, вагонетка

7. vehicle                                                  – транспортное средство

          railroad ~                                       – железнодорожный вагон

8. carriage                                                – экипаж, вагон

          railroad ~                                       – железнодорожный ~  

          four-wheeled ~                              – четырехколесный ~

9. car (Amer.)                                          – железнодорожный вагон

          freight ~                                        – грузовой ~

          passenger ~                                  – пассажирский ~

          sleeping ~                                     – спальный ~

10. wheels                                               – колеса

          flanged ~                                      – колеса с ребордой

11. axle                                                   – ось (колеса)

12. engine                                                – двигатель

          steam ~                                         – паровой ~

          diesel ~                                         – дизельный ~

          electric ~                                       – электрический ~

13. locomotive                                         – локомотив

          fuel-efficient ~                               – экономичный ~

          ~ of high capacity                          – ~ высокой мощности

          ~ of great pulling power                 – ~ с большой тягой

14. train                                                   – поезд

          freight ~                                        – грузовой ~

          passenger ~                                 – пассажирский ~

15. schedule                                           – расписание (движения поездов)

16. speed                                               – скорость

          to move at a ~                             – двигаться со ~

          to reach a speed                         – развивать ~

17. air brake                                           – пневматический тормоз

18. automatic car coupler                      – автосцепка (вагонов)

19. block signaling                                 – блокировка

20. track circuit                                      – рельсовая цепь

21. innovations                                      – новшества

22. safety                                              – безопасность

23. glory and misfortune                       – слава и невзгоды

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ № 1:

Упр.I. Замените подчеркнутые слова синонимами из текста:

1. English coal mining companies built wooden railways to transport coal overland.

2. Wooden rails covered with iron strips lasted much longer.

3. Steam engines were first used on railways in the early 19th century.

4. These engines were installed on four-wheeled vehicles.

5. The idea of ​​using the standard gauge was put forward by G. Stephenson.

6. The caliber chosen was 4'8 1/2".

7. The first American steam engine was made in 1825.

8. Steam transport in the USA developed very quickly.

9. The first electric motors were put into regular repair by the end of the 19th century.

10. In the second half of the 19th century, railroads began to use steel for the manufacture of rails and vehicles.

11. In the late 1920s, wooden wagons were completely replaced with all-steel ones.

12. Speed, safety and convenience attracted many passengers who moved from place to place by rail.

 Упр. II. Соотнесите синонимы:

1. main line

2. wooden rails

3. to design

4. to switch to

5. carriage

6. engine

7. to manufacture

8. to adopt

9. speed

10. glory

11. to select

12. to originate

13. misfortune

14. innovations

15. to use

16. to build

17. timetable

18. passenger car

19. power

20. service

o. trunk line

m. timber rails

a. to project

i. to shift to

h. coach

d. locomotive

p. to produce

e. to accept

c. velocity

t. fame

s. to choose

f. to create

j. bad luck

r. inventions

g. to employ

k. to construct

l. schedule

b. car

n. capacity

q. maintenance

Упр. III. Найдите в тексте английский эквиваленты:

- использовать железную дорогу для перевозки угля

- тянуть вагоны по рельсам

- угледобывающие компании

- транспортировать уголь из шахты на поверхность

- покрывать деревянные рельсы металлическими полосками

- тем временем

- первый успешный железнодорожный локомотив

- расписание движения поездов

- выдвинуть идею

- длина оси конных экипажей

- в конечном итоге

- экспериментальная модель локомотива

- кольцевой железнодорожный путь

- гонка

- убедить официальные власти

- использовать локомотивы вместо лошадей

- небольшое отступление

- поражение

- в качестве эксперимента

- инженеры-исследователи

- более надежный

- служить в 20 раз дольше

- повысить безопасность железных дорог

- изобретатель-любитель

- Закон об использовании устройств безопасности на железнодорожном транспорте

Упр.IV. Заполните таблицу информацией из текста:

YEAR

COUNTRY

INVENTION

1700’s

1804

1825

1829

1830

1867

1869

1872

1873

1895

1907

1923

Вопрос по английскому языку:

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       Heavy snowstorms disorganized the movement of trains in this region.

2)       At this railway station the stops of the trains last only five minutes.

3)       The last train arrives at midnight.

4)       The train will cover the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3 hours if it moves at a speed of 250 kph.

5)       Railway lines connect all parts of this country.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       Before a new railway is made a great deal of work must be done.

2)       First of all, the country where the railway will be built is carefully surveyed in order to find out the best and the most suitable route.

3)       Then the drawings and plans of stations and other structures are prepared.

4)       Soon temporary tracks, on which small locomotives can run, will be laid

5)       Bridges, viaducts and tunnels were constructed to make the railway as straight as possible.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.

1)       Russia (to rank – Present Indefinite Active) second in the world, after the USA, in the length of the railway network.

2)       It (to take – Future Indefinite Active) passengers 3 hours and 45 minutes to get from St. Petersburg to Moscow if they (to go – Present Indefinite Active) by Sapsan train.

3)       Special equipment (to use – Present Indefinite Passive) for the construction of railways.

4)       The first steam locomotive in Russia (to test – Past Indefinite Passive) in Nizhniy Tagil.

5)       The first Stephenson’s locomotive (to call – Past Indefinite Passive)  “The Rocket”.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be.

1)       There are a lot of goods that can be transported by trains.

2)       There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer.

3)       There was no chance of getting tickets for this train.

4)       There will be no trains today because of the accident on the railway.

5)       In the very first days of railways there were no signals and there were no need for them.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания -s.

1)       Every year our railway transport carries nearly 4 billion tons of cargo.

2)       Metro builders used some new methods of construction last year.

3)       The first railway was a short line of 854 metres long.

4)       These railway lines connect distant parts of our country.

5)       The Trans-Siberian line is the world's longest railway.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.

1)       Concrete sleepers last longer than wooden ones.

2)       One of the most important railway construction machines is track-laying machine.

3)       Nowadays railways use longwelded rails which mean longer life for rails.

4)       The rail joint is the weakest part of the track.

5)       Modern railways carry a greater volume of traffic.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени.

1)       The double-track railways are (convenient) than the single-track railways if the traffic on these lines is very heavy.

2)       Railways are (safe) and (popular) means of transportation today.

3)       In future we shall run (powerful) locomotives and (comfortable) cars.

4)       Automation and efficient computers will provide (safe) transportation of freight and passengers.

5)       (Large) and (heavy) rails are laid in the main-line tracks.

VIII. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1)       Railway construction involves the use of road and building machines.

2)       The first public railway line in Russia connected St Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.

3)       Temperature changes affect railways.

4)       The ballast keeps the sleepers in the correct position.

5)       The invention of the steam locomotive made the railroad the most important of all modes of transportation.

IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.

Permanent Way and Its Members

The principal function of the permanent way is accepting the imposed dynamic and static loads as cars, locomotives and trains travel over the track.                                                                                                                                

All elements of the permanent way must be strong and durable in railway operation in order to ensure the safety of travel. The maintenance of the permanent way must be cheap and besides it must have a long service life.

The railway construction with all its problems of track construction, ballasting jobs and so forth, is primarily an engineering problem. Permanent way is the important structure which interacts with the rolling stock providing railway traffic.

The railway track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways. The first track had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite. But in general the modern railway track is not greatly different from that of a hundred or more years ago. As then, it consists of two parallel rails, supported on and fastened to sleepers which are laid on a suitable material known as ballast. It's the foundation of the railway which holds the track in line and provides needed drainage.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic, which they have to carry. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main-line tracks for it is those tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

Х. Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1)       What is the principal function of the permanent way?

2)       What requirements must all elements of the permanent way meet?

3)       What was the first railway track like?

4)       What is the modern railway track like?

5)       Where are the largest and heaviest rails laid?

Вопрос по алгебре:

Вопрос по русскому языку: